Mendel crossed purple flowers (peas) with white flowers (peas) and he got purple flowers for all of the first generation. Now we should know that the first cross in any genetic cross is called the P cross or the parental
Chapter 3: eukaryote cell division
Cell division is incredibly tightly regulated (cancer is described as an unregulated cell growth).In respect tothe cell division,there is a machinery that is a transitory state and this machinery is renewed every cell cycle. Key components of this machinery are:
Chapter 2:the structure of biological membranes
The plasma membrane:Is the boundary that separates, the living cell, from its surrounding and exhibits selective permeability, allowing some substances to cross it more easily than others. Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins – Phospholipids are the
Chapter 1: the fundamental units of life
All organisms are made of cells – The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can live (reproduce) – Cell structure is correlated with cellular function. – All cells are related by their descent from earlier cells. Viruses are
Chapter 5 : asymmetric synthesis – formation of optically-pure compounds
There are two ways to obtain such compounds. The first method is called the resolution in which the reactants we are starting with are either racemic or achiral. We separate the enantiomers after the production of both enantiomers. This method
Chapter 4 : asymmetric synthesis – analytical methods of determination of the enantiomeric excess
A chiral agent is always necessary to differentiate the enantiomers. The most used methods to determine the ee are the GC with a chiral stationnary phase, HPLC with a chiral stationnary phase, NMR with chiral lanthanides. Gazeous chromatography The stationnary
Chapter 3 : asymmetric synthesis – stereoisomery
Editor’s note: It is a good exercise to determine the configuration (R or S) of each chiral centre presented in this course. Some molecules have the same composition in terms of atoms but differ by their placement. Those molecules are called conformers (of
Chapter 2 : chemical kinetics – catalysis
Homogeneous catalysis In some conditions, a same reaction A → B can lead to two different kinetics depending on the composition of the solution in which it is. One species C, apparently not intervening in the reaction as it is
Chapter 1: chemical kinetics – relaxation to the equilibrium
Reaction of order 1 Considering an equilibrium between two species A and B We can study the return to the equilibrium (or relaxation) after a sudden modification of the conditions such as a jump of temperature or of pressure, or
Chapter 10 : chemical kinetics – reactions in solution
The big difference between a solution and a gas is the presence of a solvent. A viscous solvent means that there are more collisions between the molecules of reactant and the molecules of solvent, slowing down the molecules. The first