To begin smoothly, we will describe the simplest uncharged molecule: the hydrogen. It is composed of one proton with a positive charge e and one electron of opposite charge –e that revolves around the proton at a distance r. In
Chapter 8 : mass spectra – exercises
The solutions immediately follow the problems. You can use this website to find fragments corresponding to a given m/z ratio: MS fragments. The methodology to obtain the answer is given. Problem 1 The two following spectra come from two isomers with
Chapter 7 : NMR proton: principles
A full section can be (and will be) dedicated to the detailed setup of the nucleus magnetic resonance (NMR) and to the analyses we can perform with this tool. In this section, we don’t need a lot of explanations on the NMR
Chapter 6 : Mass spectra
The result of the mass spectrometry is given on the form of a histogram giving the abundance of species as a function of their m/z ratio (we write it M as well, as the ions are usually monocharged). It is
Chapter 5 : Mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry is one of the most used technique in laboratories because it allows to determine the structure of one molecule. For this technique, the sample should be a pure solution, containing only one molecule that will be analysed within
Chapter 4 : Organic chemistry – Exercises
This section is a full part of the course and contains some reactions that were not addressed in the main course. It is challenging to understand by yourselves some mechanisms with the hints that are in the exercises. If you
Chapter 3 : Infrared spectroscopy
The IR spectroscopy has a different goal than the UV/visible. It is one of the strongest methods to determine the structure of organic compounds. An IR spectrum is similar to the finger print of one molecule and the matching of
Chapter 2 : Spectroscopic methods
Spectroscopic methods are destined to determine the composition of samples containing one or several species on the basis of their energy levels. We have seen that the electrons of atoms don’t have access to any value of energy. They are
Chapter 1: Reactions of substitution on aromatic cycles
Aromatic cycles, such as the benzene, are very stable because of their energy of resonance. As a result, it is very difficult to “open” the cycle by an usual reaction of addition. Instead of addition reactions, we observe reactions of
Chapter 10 : Reactions of carboxylic acids and their derivatives
All the atoms of carboxylic acids groups have a specific character. The group is thus ambident: it possesses two or more alternative and strongly interacting distinguishable reactive centres. It has acidic and basic properties. A carboxylic acid is more acid