Operators can be applied to the wave functions and respect the equation of Schrödinger. The operator inversion Î is an operator such as, if a central symmetry can be found, For instance, the orbital s have a centre of symmetry.
Chapter 9 : Molecular physical chemistry – the hydrogen
To begin smoothly, we will describe the simplest uncharged molecule: the hydrogen. It is composed of one proton with a positive charge e and one electron of opposite charge –e that revolves around the proton at a distance r. In
Chapter 8 : mass spectra – exercises
The solutions immediately follow the problems. You can use this website to find fragments corresponding to a given m/z ratio: MS fragments. The methodology to obtain the answer is given. Problem 1 The two following spectra come from two isomers with
Chapter 7 : NMR proton: principles
A full section can be (and will be) dedicated to the detailed setup of the nucleus magnetic resonance (NMR) and to the analyses we can perform with this tool. In this section, we don’t need a lot of explanations on the NMR
Chapter 6 : Mass spectra
The result of the mass spectrometry is given on the form of a histogram giving the abundance of species as a function of their m/z ratio (we write it M as well, as the ions are usually monocharged). It is
Chapter 5 : Mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry is one of the most used technique in laboratories because it allows to determine the structure of one molecule. For this technique, the sample should be a pure solution, containing only one molecule that will be analysed within
Chapter 3 : Strength of acids and bases
The general definition of an acid is thus a compound releasing protons. However, all the acids don’t have the same strength or acidity. We can define two types of acids and bases: Strong acids and bases, and weak acids and bases. For more simplicity,
Chapter 2 : acid-base reactions
In this module we will review one of the main types of reaction of chemistry. Reactions can indeed be classified in 3 major categories: Acid-base reactions Redox (reduction and oxidation) reactions Solubility reactions (dissolution and precipitation) The two last reaction
Chapter 1: history of chemistry and chemical reactions
It is often useful to take a look on the history of something to understand it. That is how we will begin our lessons about chemistry. As far as we can go, chemistry started with the discovery of fire, which