This section is a full part of the course and contains some reactions that were not addressed in the main course. It is challenging to understand by yourselves some mechanisms with the hints that are in the exercises. If you
Chapter 3 : Infrared spectroscopy
The IR spectroscopy has a different goal than the UV/visible. It is one of the strongest methods to determine the structure of organic compounds. An IR spectrum is similar to the finger print of one molecule and the matching of
Chapter 2 : Spectroscopic methods
Spectroscopic methods are destined to determine the composition of samples containing one or several species on the basis of their energy levels. We have seen that the electrons of atoms don’t have access to any value of energy. They are
Chapter 1: Reactions of substitution on aromatic cycles
Aromatic cycles, such as the benzene, are very stable because of their energy of resonance. As a result, it is very difficult to “open” the cycle by an usual reaction of addition. Instead of addition reactions, we observe reactions of
Chapter 10 : Reactions of carboxylic acids and their derivatives
All the atoms of carboxylic acids groups have a specific character. The group is thus ambident: it possesses two or more alternative and strongly interacting distinguishable reactive centres. It has acidic and basic properties. A carboxylic acid is more acid
Chapter 9 : carbanions in α of carbonyl
In the previous section, we discussed the possible reaction on the carbonyl group of organic molecules. The carbon is an electrophile and the oxygen is a nucleophile. Yet, the presence of a carbonyl can imply other processes. The hydrogen’s that
Chapter 8 : Reactions of elimination
A reaction of elimination is a reaction during which one molecule loses two fragments A and B as a neutral substrate AB. The two fragments A and B that are removed can be removed from the same carbon, in which
Chapter 7 : Electrophile additions on alkenes and alkynes
The interest of electrophile additions on C=C liaisons is to transform two sp2 carbons into two sp3 carbons and to add a chain or a group on the existing molecule. As two carbons are involved in the reaction, the addition of the
Chapter 6: Polymers
Nowadays, we find polymers everywhere. They can be solid or flexible, resist to low or high temperatures but are generally lighter than the materials they replace. For instance, wood or metallic chairs are advantageously replaced by plastic chairs. Plastic bags
Chapter 5 : Kinetics – speed of reaction
Kinetics Kinetics is a field of the chemistry that studies the speed of reactions. The speed of a reaction can depend on the conditions of the reaction. For instance, when we put H2(g) and O2(g) we don’t produce water spontaneously.