Chemical kinetics is the study of the speed of reactions. The speed of reaction is determined by the variation of the quantity of species by unit of time. Usually, we consider the concentrations for species in solution and we consider
Chapter 3 : Methods of separation – extraction
Methods of separation One job of a chemist is to analyse samples of chemicals. To determine the composition of the sample, a separation of the different elements is necessary to avoid interferences between the species. It can be of importance
Chapter 2 : thermodynamics – second and third principles
Second principle Increase of the entropy: The entropy in the universe increases over time. The entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system. The second law of thermodynamics has several formulations but the most common is that a process
Chapter 1 : Thermodynamics – First principle
The thermodynamics is the study of the transfer of energy and especially of heat. It is important to make the distinction between heat (q) and temperature (T). The temperature reflects the motion of particles and is connected to their kinetic energy, but the
Chapter 10 : solids – conductivity
Electric conduction Some solids are conducting the electricity and some are not. We will explain here from where the conductivity comes and the difference between a conductor and an insulator. The conductivity is explained by the band theory. We have seen in
Chapter 9 : Phase diagram
The state of compounds depends on the temperature and on the pressure. We map the states of the matter on the diagram of phases. The pressure is put as ordinate and the temperature as abscise. The states are separated by
Chapter 8 : Solids – lattice energy
In gases, the heat capacity was a resultant of translation, vibration and rotation. In a solid, there is no translation and no rotation. The atoms may vibe around their equilibrium position. The vibration involves a potential energy and a kinetic
Chapter 7 : Solids – crystallography
A characteristic of the solids is that they have their own shape. Liquids are taking the shape of their recipient and gases take all the available space. So solids have their own shape but some are malleable, can be cut,
Chapter 6 : Liquids
Liquids Liquids are a condensed state: the volume of a liquid does not change by much when a pressure is applied. A liquid is a fluid: it has not its own shape and molecules can move inside it. As said previously, liquids
Chapter 5: The states of matter: Gas
The states of the matter We can consider 3 different states –gas, liquid and solid– and a melange of them. One important difference between the three states of the matter is the volume they occupy. A gaz takes all the