All the atoms of carboxylic acids groups have a specific character. The group is thus ambident: it possesses two or more alternative and strongly interacting distinguishable reactive centres. It has acidic and basic properties. A carboxylic acid is more acid
Chapter 9 : carbanions in α of carbonyl
In the previous section, we discussed the possible reaction on the carbonyl group of organic molecules. The carbon is an electrophile and the oxygen is a nucleophile. Yet, the presence of a carbonyl can imply other processes. The hydrogen’s that
Chapter 8 : Reactions of elimination
A reaction of elimination is a reaction during which one molecule loses two fragments A and B as a neutral substrate AB. The two fragments A and B that are removed can be removed from the same carbon, in which
Chapter 7 : Electrophile additions on alkenes and alkynes
The interest of electrophile additions on C=C liaisons is to transform two sp2 carbons into two sp3 carbons and to add a chain or a group on the existing molecule. As two carbons are involved in the reaction, the addition of the
Chapter 6: Polymers
Nowadays, we find polymers everywhere. They can be solid or flexible, resist to low or high temperatures but are generally lighter than the materials they replace. For instance, wood or metallic chairs are advantageously replaced by plastic chairs. Plastic bags
Chapter 5 : Kinetics – speed of reaction
Kinetics Kinetics is a field of the chemistry that studies the speed of reactions. The speed of a reaction can depend on the conditions of the reaction. For instance, when we put H2(g) and O2(g) we don’t produce water spontaneously.
Chapter 4 : Kinetics – Equilibrium
Chemical kinetics is the study of the speed of reactions. The speed of reaction is determined by the variation of the quantity of species by unit of time. Usually, we consider the concentrations for species in solution and we consider
Chapter 3 : Methods of separation – extraction
Methods of separation One job of a chemist is to analyse samples of chemicals. To determine the composition of the sample, a separation of the different elements is necessary to avoid interferences between the species. It can be of importance
Chapter 2 : thermodynamics – second and third principles
Second principle Increase of the entropy: The entropy in the universe increases over time. The entropy is a measure of the disorder of a system. The second law of thermodynamics has several formulations but the most common is that a process
Chapter 1 : Thermodynamics – First principle
The thermodynamics is the study of the transfer of energy and especially of heat. It is important to make the distinction between heat (q) and temperature (T). The temperature reflects the motion of particles and is connected to their kinetic energy, but the