Glucides are essentially cyclic hydrates of carbon (CN(H2O)N) but can also wear N, S, P. The cycles are usually 5 or 6 atoms long and form macromolecules when cycles bind together. One example is the cellulose, which is the walls of
Chapter 1: Biochemistry – Introduction and lipids
Biochemistry is a field of the chemistry related to the living bodies, animal or vegetal. This field is far from the inorganic chemistry and a simple comparison can show it: the repartition of the molecules in the earth’s crust and
Chapter 5 : asymmetric synthesis – formation of optically-pure compounds
There are two ways to obtain such compounds. The first method is called the resolution in which the reactants we are starting with are either racemic or achiral. We separate the enantiomers after the production of both enantiomers. This method
Chapter 4 : asymmetric synthesis – analytical methods of determination of the enantiomeric excess
A chiral agent is always necessary to differentiate the enantiomers. The most used methods to determine the ee are the GC with a chiral stationnary phase, HPLC with a chiral stationnary phase, NMR with chiral lanthanides. Gazeous chromatography The stationnary
Chapter 3 : asymmetric synthesis – stereoisomery
Editor’s note: It is a good exercise to determine the configuration (R or S) of each chiral centre presented in this course. Some molecules have the same composition in terms of atoms but differ by their placement. Those molecules are called conformers (of
Chapter 2 : chemical kinetics – catalysis
Homogeneous catalysis In some conditions, a same reaction A → B can lead to two different kinetics depending on the composition of the solution in which it is. One species C, apparently not intervening in the reaction as it is
Chapter 1: chemical kinetics – relaxation to the equilibrium
Reaction of order 1 Considering an equilibrium between two species A and B We can study the return to the equilibrium (or relaxation) after a sudden modification of the conditions such as a jump of temperature or of pressure, or
Chapter 10 : chemical kinetics – reactions in solution
The big difference between a solution and a gas is the presence of a solvent. A viscous solvent means that there are more collisions between the molecules of reactant and the molecules of solvent, slowing down the molecules. The first
Chapter 9 : chemical kinetics – kinetic theories
The following theories only apply to elementary reactions, i.e. in reactions in one step. The empirical relation of Arrhenius can be used (this relation is not limited to the elementary reactions): with kexp the kinetic constant found experimentally, Aexp the pre-exponential factor
Chapter 8 : chemical kinetics – orders of reaction
Kinetics is a field of the chemistry that studies the evolution of a chemical process over time. It gives practical information on the reaction and can help to determine its mechanisms. There is already two chapters discussing the basics of