What is a stem cell? Ultimately, every cell in the human body can be traced back to a fertilized egg that came into existence from the union of egg and sperm. But the body is made up of over hundreds
Chapter 4 : specific features of meiosis
Meiosis has three unique features : The mechanism of cell division varies in important details in different organism. This is particularly true of chromosomal separation mechanism, which differ substantially in protists and fungi from the process in plants and animals
Chapter 3 : meiosis
The sequence of events during meiosis involves two nuclear divisions ( meiosis I and meiosis II ). Prophase 1 In prophase 1 of meiosis, the DNA coils tighter, and individual chromosomes first become visible under the light microscope as a
Chapter 2 : Replication
1) Definition The DNA replication is one of the key mechanisms of cell cycle. It is a highly regulated biological process in which new synthesis and repair mechanisms ensure the integrity of the genome. S phase or replication phase follows
Chapter 1 : TRANSCRIPTION
The central dogma of molecular biology The central dogma is the classic sequence of events : DNA produces RNA by transcription and RNA produces proteins ( structural proteins and Enzymes ) by translation . Transcription: making of RNA (taking the
Chapter 10 : Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the process that converts solar energy to chemical energy. Directly or indirectly, photosynthesis nourishes almost the entire living worlds -Autotrophs sustain themselves without
Chapter 9 : cellular energy production
AEROBIC WAY The citric acid cycle completes the energy yielding oxidation of organic molecules. In the presence of O2, pyruvate enters the
Chapter 8 : bioenergetics
Introduction to bioenergetics Cellular respiration is composed of three topics: Redox reactions (oxidation-reduction) Electron transport chain Glycolysis In fact living cells require energy from outside sources. Some animals obtain
Chapter 7: enzyme substrate complex
Substrate specificity of enzymes -The reaction that an enzyme acts on is called the enzyme’s substrate. -The enzyme binds to its substrate forming an enzyme-substrate complex -The active site is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds. -Induced
Chapter 6 : cellular metabolism
Cellular metabolism – Metabolic path ways – Thermodynamics – Free energy – Introduction to enzymes Overview: the energy